1. Soils of arid and semi-arid regions are generally _______

 Variable

 Acidic

 Alkaline

 Neutral

2. Continuous application of ammonium-based fertilizers generally _______ soil pH

 Has no effect

 Raises pH

 Decreases pH

 Neutralizes pH

3. Acid rain primarily introduces _______ into soils

 Calcium carbonate

 H₂SO₄ & HNO₃

 Organic matter

 Sodium ions

4. Which element becomes toxic in soils at low pH due to increased solubility?

 Aluminum

 Potassium

 Calcium

 Magnesium

5. Which form of nitrogen predominantly accumulates in acidic soils?

 NO₂⁻

 NH₄⁺

 N₂

 NO₃⁻

6. Soil solution equilibrium is best described as _______

 Irreversible

 Linear

 Dynamic

 Static

7. Carbonate (CaCO₃) dissolution in soils consumes _______

 H⁺

 OH⁻

 Ca²⁺

 Na⁺

8. The term “soil reaction” refers to the _______ of soil

 Texture class

 pH

 Moisture content

 Temperature regime

9. Soil alkalinity generally increases due to the presence of _______

 Leaching of bases

 Carbonates and bicarbonates

 Organic acid accumulation

 Acid rain inputs

10. Hydrolysis of Al³⁺ in soil contributes to _______

 Neutrality

 Alkalinity

 Salinity

 Acidity

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