1. Which of the following agricultural or land management practices helps maintain soil pH stability?

 Crop rotation

 Frequent tillage

 Deforestation

 Overgrazing

2. In agricultural systems, repeated crop removal (harvesting of plant biomass) mainly affects soil fertility by altering _______

 Base cation balance through removal of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ in harvested biomass

 Acidity directly through immediate H⁺ release

 Soil texture

 Soil organic carbon only

3. The permanent negative charge in 2:1 clay minerals arises from _______

 Ligand exchange reactions

 Protonation of surface hydroxyl groups

 Decomposition of soil organic matter

 Isomorphous substitution within the clay lattice

4. Which soil condition leads to rapid pH fluctuation (i.e., low resistance to pH change)?

 Low buffering capacity

 High clay content

 High cation exchange capacity (CEC)

 High soil organic matter (SOM)

5. In soil management, gypsum is mainly used to correct _______

 Alkalinity

 Salinity

 Acidity

 Sodicity

6. High base saturation in soils generally results in _______

 Higher soil pH

 Acidic soil conditions

 Low inherent fertility

 Increased metal toxicity

7. Salinity affects plants mainly by causing _______

 Increased aeration

 Soil compaction

 Nutrient toxicity only

 Osmotic stress and reduced water uptake

8. Non-specific adsorption (outer-sphere complexation) in soil is primarily driven by _______

 Precipitation

 Covalent bonding

 Ligand exchange

 Electrostatic attraction

9. In waterlogged (flooded) acidic soils, toxicity of which micronutrient is most commonly observed?

 Copper (Cu)

 Zinc (Zn)

 None of these

 Iron (Fe)

10. According to the Hofmeister (lyotropic) series, Ca²⁺ is held more strongly on soil exchange sites than Na⁺ because _______

 Ca²⁺ has a higher valence

 Na⁺ forms insoluble complexes

 Ca²⁺ is an anion

 Ca²⁺ has a larger hydrated radius

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