1. Compared to atmospheric air, soil air generally contains _______

 Equal CO₂

 More CO₂

 No oxygen

 Less CO₂

2. Increasing proportion of fine particles (clay) generally leads to _______

 Lower cohesion

 Higher infiltration rate

 Higher compaction potential

 Lower water retention

3. Which soil condition is most prone to root rot during rainy seasons?

 Gravelly soil

 Poorly drained clay soil

 Highly porous loam

 Well-drained sandy soil

4. Which soil property is most directly influenced by aggregate arrangement?

 Particle density

 Color

 Texture

 Structure

5. Soil texture can be field-estimated by _______

 Chemical titration

 Measuring electrical conductivity

 Rubbing soil between fingers

 Using pH strips

6. Water tightly adsorbed on soil particle surfaces is called _______

 Available water

 Gravitational water

 Capillary water

 Hygroscopic water

7. The ideal soil composition for plant growth typically contains _______

 Balanced mineral, air, water, and organic matter

 Only mineral particles

 High clay and no air

 Only sand and organic matter

8. The water held in soil pores against gravity and available to plants is known as _______

 Saturated water

 Capillary water

 Gravitational water

 Hygroscopic water

9. High porosity in soil generally results in _______

 Lower infiltration

 Increased compaction

 Reduced aeration

 Improved root growth and gas exchange

10. High hydraulic conductivity in sandy soils is primarily due to _______

 High organic matter

 High surface charge

 Large pore spaces

 Clay coatings

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