1. What phenomenon occurs in heavy clay (Vertisols) during the dry season?

 Expansion

 Shrinking and deep cracking

 Waterlogging

 Swelling

2. Soil color is most commonly described using the _______ system

 USDA texture triangle

 Hydrometer method

 Munsell color system

 FAO classification

3. Soil physical properties determine _______

 All of these

 Supporting power

 Moisture storage

 Productive capacity

4. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is measured using _______

 Amoozemeter

 Pycnometer

 Tensiometer

 Hydrometer

5. High bulk density indicates _______

 Compacted soil with poor root growth

 High organic matter

 High porosity

 Good aeration

6. Hydraulic conductivity decreases in the order _______

 Ca-soil > K-soil > Na-soil

 K-soil > Ca-soil > Na-soil

 Na-soil > K-soil > Ca-soil

 Ca-soil < K-soil < Na-soil

7. Bulk density increases due to _______

 Organic matter addition

 Aggregation

 Compaction

 Biological activity

8. Major soil structure types are classified based on _______

 Color only

 Size, shape, and stability of aggregates

 Texture only

 Chemical composition

9. Denitrification mainly occurs under _______ soil conditions

 Neutral

 Anaerobic conditions

 Both aerobic and anaerobic

 Aerobic

10. According to Darcy’s Law, water flow through soil is assumed to occur under _______

 Heterogeneous medium with irregular flow paths

 Laminar flow through a homogeneous and saturated porous medium

 Non-laminar (turbulent) flow conditions

 No-flow (static) conditions

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