1. Increasing proportion of fine particles (clay) generally leads to _______

 Higher compaction potential

 Lower cohesion

 Higher infiltration rate

 Lower water retention

2. High porosity in soil generally results in _______

 Lower infiltration

 Reduced aeration

 Improved root growth and gas exchange

 Increased compaction

3. Water tightly adsorbed on soil particle surfaces is called _______

 Available water

 Capillary water

 Gravitational water

 Hygroscopic water

4. The ideal soil composition for plant growth typically contains _______

 Only mineral particles

 Balanced mineral, air, water, and organic matter

 High clay and no air

 Only sand and organic matter

5. Which soil condition is most prone to root rot during rainy seasons?

 Poorly drained clay soil

 Gravelly soil

 Well-drained sandy soil

 Highly porous loam

6. The water held in soil pores against gravity and available to plants is known as _______

 Saturated water

 Gravitational water

 Capillary water

 Hygroscopic water

7. Compared to atmospheric air, soil air generally contains _______

 Less CO₂

 More CO₂

 Equal CO₂

 No oxygen

8. High hydraulic conductivity in sandy soils is primarily due to _______

 High organic matter

 Clay coatings

 High surface charge

 Large pore spaces

9. Which soil property is most directly influenced by aggregate arrangement?

 Texture

 Particle density

 Structure

 Color

10. Soil texture can be field-estimated by _______

 Measuring electrical conductivity

 Rubbing soil between fingers

 Chemical titration

 Using pH strips

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